Do you need to buy an individual health insurance policy because of a layoff, or because you're self-employed or work as an independent contractor? Clark knows it can be a daunting experience.

So often, the consumer champ gets calls from people who tell him what they paid for a policy and then ask him if it's a good price. There is no one answer. It depends on what's covered under the plan, the amount of the deductible and the limits therein.

We don't have what economists would call a "transparent market place." That means it's very difficult to shop apples-to-apples across the market.

The consumer champ has long advocated that coverage be standardized. In Clark's ideal world, there would be just 12 health plans offered to everyone: 3 HMOs, 3 PPOs, 3 HSAs and 3 of the traditional 80/20 splits. Every insurer would have to sell identical plans. That way you could switch to another insurer's HMO plan No. 2, for example, if your insurer's HMO plan No. 2 is too costly.

But until the day when that becomes a reality, here are 2 websites that can walk you through the process of buying an individual policy:

• HealthCareCoach.com
• HealthInsuranceInfo.net (contains state-specific info)

Doctors are being squeezed between what they're paid from insurers and what they're paid from Medicare/Medicaid. The reality is that doctors often make no money or even lose money when they see you. So they're shifting their practices to reflect the free market.

For example, take the field of dermatology. If you have a suspicious mole, you may wait months for an appointment if you're an insurance customer. But if you're willing to pay cash for cosmetic dermatology, you can usually be seen in 24-48 hours.

The New York Times reports that dermatologists and laser-eye surgeons are even building separate waiting rooms for cash customers. They're rolling out the red carpet with fancy furniture, free lattes and more. Contrast that with the ratty furniture and long-expired magazines that fill traditional waiting rooms for insured customers.

The doctors are not bad guys; they're simply business people. You can't blame them for wanting to put food on the table. It's the current health insurance system that deserves your ire.

The Washington Post reports that health "credit reports" have been compiled on 200 million Americans. Ingenix and Milliman are 2 companies that make billions of dollars developing profiles based on your prescriptions. A "pharmacy risk score" tells insurers the risk level you pose to them as a potential customer.

Pharmacy benefits managers (PBMs) actually sell your information regarding prescriptions. PBMs are a popular option at companies because they offer cheaper prices when you get your drugs online or through the mail -- instead of at a retail pharmacy.

The info in your health "credit report" can be used by an insurer to charge you more or decline you coverage altogether.

Another wrinkle in the story comes with "off-label" prescriptions. Off-label refers to using a prescription for an unintended use. For example, your doctor may be using a depression medication to treat your stomachache. But that off-label usage could redline you with insurers who don't want to see a history of depression medication -- even though you're not depressed.

Under new federal rules, you are allowed to see your health "credit report" from Ingenix and Milliman.

However, the real problem is not the lack of privacy, but rather the way that insurers are allowed to redline you. We need insurance coverage based on community-rating standards -- that is to say, age and sex.

The latest stats from the Center for Disease Control show emergency rooms visits are up. Some 120 million of us visited the ER in 2006 -- the last year for which records are available.

Historically, the ER has been for uninsured people. But today, a very large numbers of insured individuals are making the trek -- even for non-emergency conditions in the middle of the day.

What's going on? Well, many people no longer have primary care doctors. So they just go to the hospital. Not a good idea. The wait is very long and you have to be assessed in triage; there's no "first come, first serve" service. The visits are also massively expensive even with insurance.

If you do have insurance, you'd be better off taking the time to pick a primary care doctor. This also allows for continuity of care and easy follow-up visits.

But most people won't get around to selecting a primary care doc. That's why there are alternatives like "nurse-in-a-boxes," which can be found at supermarkets, drug stores, Wal-Marts, etc. Nurse-in-a-boxes usually have a price list so you know how much you'll pay to be seen by a nurse practitioner.

Another alternative comes in the form of Doctor of Nursing Practice programs being offered at some 200 schools. These doctoral-level programs require nurses to take the same qualifying exam as a doctor. Clark loves that the marketplace is developing an answer to the primary care crunch.

It’s the time of year to decide whether you’re going to participate in your company’s Flexible Spending Account (FSA), and the time of year to get your paperwork in if you already participate. If you’re not familiar with an FSA, it’s a medical benefit that mid-size and large-size companies offer to people who want to set aside money for medical expenses. It’s pre-tax money, and you can have two accounts. There are FSAs for your children or elderly relatives, which are known as a “dependent care” accounts. Then there are individual FSAs for you and your own medical care. They cover non-reimbursed medical expenses, including contact lenses, laser eye surgery, hearing aids, prescriptions, over-the-counter medicines and some co-payments. You have to fund each account separately, and the individual account will hold up to $3,000. With dependent care, babysitter costs and day care costs are eligible. It’s important that you underestimate how much you think you’ll spend. The reason is that if you don’t use it, you lose it. Clark put too much money in one of his account and forfeited about $400 last year. So, if you have money left to spend, look at the bills for which you haven’t been reimbursed. If you do, buy medicines or have an eye exam, and use it up. Also, keep in mind that FSAs are completely different than HSAs or health savings accounts. With those, you can carry the money forward. But with an FSA you cannot. So use it!